Silt and Clay are considered to be smaller family members of soil group. Even small amounts of fines can have significant effects on the engineering properties of soils.

Energy and water are the prime movers of human life, though deficient in oil and gas, Pakistan has abundant water and other energy sources like hydel power, coal, wind and solar power.

The type of intake structure depends on its location and function and on the various appurtenances, such as fishscreens, trashracks, stoplog arrangements, or operating platforms that must be furnished.

The simplest form of control for a spillway is the free, or uncontrolled, overflow crest, which automatically releases water whenever the reservoir water surface rises above crest level.

In recent years soil cement as a facing material for earth-fill dams has been found economical where suitable rip rap is not available near the site. A reasonably firm foundation is preferred so .....

Freeboard is the vertical distance between the crest of the embankment and the reservoir water surface. Free board can be defined in different terms such as:

The law of conservation of dimensions can be applied to arrange the variables or parameters that are important in a given problem into a set of dimensionless groups.

The quasi-static cyclic tests can be used to conduct both basic and proof tests. In quasi-static tests, loads and/ or displacements are applied at slow rates.