They have more surface exposure per unit volume, the flange tips tend to cool faster than flange-to-web junctures.

A machine used to test specimens for tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength and to perform bend test along other important laboratory tests. The primary use of the testing machine is to create the stress strain diagram.

Tensile strength of a material is the tension stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms (changes shape) Toughness, Resilience, Poisson’s ratio can also be found by the use of this testing technique. This data is plotted as load vs elongation and then converted to engineering stress (load/original area) vs engineering...

These quantities are defined relative to the original area and length of the specimen. The engineering stress (øe) at any point is defined as the ratio of the instantaneous load or force (F) and the original area (Ao).

In the plastic region, the true stress increases continuously i.e when a metal is strained beyond the yield point, more and more stress is required to produce additional plastic deformation and the metal seems to have become more stronger and more difficult to deform.

The resistance offered by a structure to undesirable movement like sliding, collapsing and over turning etc is called stability. A structure which has not sufficient number of reactions to resists the load without moving is called unstable structures.

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• Definitions
• Structures

Plastic analysis is defined as the analysis in which the criterion for the design of structures is the ultimate load. It is the analysis inelastic material is studied beyond the elastic limit. Plastic analysis derives from a simple mode failure in which plastic hinges form.